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Figure 6.16 -Backup straiegy Figure 6.16 shows a motto for a backup strategy.We can see that it is full of relative terms. Ojten enough, thorough enough and productbe are terms that are hard l o measure. The task for the backup routine (or backup strategy) therefore becomes to make these measurements more concrete. We can look at this motto as defining an overall strategy that is measurable and practical through a backup routine. How thorough a backup routine is can be tested against this overall strategy.

(9.63)

Team learning the team rather than the individual is the key learning unit in most views of a learning organization Primarily this is because a team is regarded as a microcosm of a whole organization, but it may also be in uenced by the knowledge that there was already a body of established management literature on the creation of successful teams As can be seen from the above, much of the thrust of Senge s approach is linked to the idea of human-centred management; it is about allowing the individuals throughout an organization to contribute fully to its future development, and about making sure that senior management discharge their responsibilities for ensuring that strategy is clearly articulated and that staff are nurtured In a paper published in 1991, Huber sets out four constructs that he regards as integrally linked to organizational learning.

These are: knowledge acquisition; information distribution; information interpretation; and decision-making Argyris and Schon s work.

drawRoute(iGraphics,hofs + mapFrom.x + 1,vofs + mapFrom.y + 1,hofs + mapTo.x + 1,vofs + mapTo.y + 1); iGraphics.setColor(Color.black); drawRoute(iGraphics,hofs + mapFrom.x,vofs + mapFrom.y,hofs + mapTo.x, vofs + mapTo.y); int xFrom = hofs + mapFrom.x - iconFrom.getWidth(this) / 2; int yFrom = vofs + mapFrom.y - iconFrom.getHeight(this) / 2; int xTo = hofs + mapTo.x - iconTo.getWidth(this) / 2; // calculate origin and destination icon's position int yTo = vofs + mapTo.y - iconTo.getHeight(this) / 2; iGraphics.drawImage(iconFrom,xFrom,yFrom,this); // draw origin and destination icons iGraphics.drawImage(iconTo,xTo,yTo,this); } } /** Sets departure and arrival airports, selecting and displaying the most appropriate map. */ void setAirports(Airport iFrom,Airport iTo) { String name = null; airFrom = iFrom; airTo = iTo; // set departure and arrival airports if(airFrom != null && airTo != null) // if departure and arrival airports were specified { for(mapFrom = airFrom.getMaps() ; name == null && mapFrom != null ; ) { for(mapTo = airTo.getMaps() ; name == null && mapTo != null ; ) { if(mapFrom.name.equals(mapTo.name)) { name = mapFrom.name; } else mapTo = mapTo.next; } if(name == null) mapFrom = mapFrom.next; } // System.out.println("MapCanvas.setAirport - " + airFrom + " " + mapFrom + " to " + airTo + " " + mapTo); } name = "images/" + (name != null name : "world") + ".gif"; // use world's map if there's no better one setImage(name); // display new image } public Dimension preferredSize() { return new Dimension(500,300); // size of the maps is fixed } }

JDBC supports database transaction management. Transactions provide a way to group SQL statements so they are treated as a whole either all statements in the group are executed or no statements are executed. All statements within a transaction are treated as a work unit. Transactions are thus useful to guarantee, among other things, data consistency. Completing a transaction is called committing the transaction, while aborting it is called rolling back the transaction. A rollback undoes the whole transaction. A transaction s boundaries are the beginning of its block and the commit or rollback. Once a commit has been issued, the transaction cannot be rolled back. Note that some DBMSs support nested transactions as well as intermediate markers within a transaction to indicate a point to which it can be rolled back. Transaction Modes Two transaction modes are usually supported by commercial DBMSs: the unchained mode and the ANSI-compatible chained mode. Check your DBMS s documentation to determine which is the default. The unchained mode requires explicit statements to identify the beginning of a transaction block and its end, which will always be a commit or rollback statement. The transaction block may be composed of any SQL statements. The chained mode does not require explicit statements to delimit the transaction statements because it implicitly begins a transaction before any SQL statement that retrieves or modifies data. The transaction must still be explicitly ended with a transaction commit or rollback.

Distributed Transaction Coordinator (DTC)

To add a variable to the Watches window, right-click the variable name in your code and select Add Watch from the popup menu. To add an expression to the Watches window: